Principal areas of research
Respiratory syncytial virus vaccines (bovine and human), African swine fever virus vaccines, mucosal vaccines and T-cell vaccines in cattle and pigs

Biography
After graduating from Liverpool University with a BSc (Hons) in Medical Microbiology, Geraldine Taylor obtained an MRC Scholarship for Training in Research Methods in the Division of Communicable Diseases, MRC Clinical Research Centre, Harrow, Middlesex. She was awarded a PhD from the University of London in 1975 for her work on the role of T cells in mycoplasma infections. She then took up an appointment at the Institute for Animal Health, Compton, investigating the role of the immune response in respiratory mycoplasma infections. After spending a sabbatical at the University of Alabama in Birmingham, Alabama, USA, she returned to the Institute for Animal Health and established a group working on the immunology of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections. Her research team continues with research on RSV with the aim of developing safe and effective vaccines, and is also involved in the development of a vaccine against African Swine Fever.

Research
Respiratory disease in young calves is a major animal welfare problem, affecting approximately 1.9 million calves in the UK each year, at a cost of £54 million. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is the most important primary viral cause of respiratory disease in young calves and the development of a safe and effective vaccine against this pathogen would enhance the sustainability of livestock farming and improve calf welfare. BRSV is structurally and antigenically related to human (H)RSV, which is the single most important cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants, and the viruses share many epidemiological and pathological features. The high degree of similarity between HRSV and BRSV indicates that comparative studies of the immunobiology of these viruses will yield important insights that should benefit both man and cattle. Furthermore, BRSV has provided an ideal model to study the function of bovine class I MHC molecules, virus-specific bovine T cells and to investigate antigen-delivery systems for induction of specific types of immune response. This work underpins studies on many of the major livestock pathogens that are currently of greatest strategic importance for the IAH.

The development of safe and effective RSV vaccines has been hampered by the need to induce protective immunity within the first month of life, at a time when maternal antibodies can pose a major obstacle to successful vaccination; and the observation that vaccination can exacerbate RSV disease. Because vaccine-augmented disease is associated with inactivated virus, it has been proposed that a live, attenuated virus administered intranasally would make a safer and more effective vaccine. The lack of disease potentiation following natural RSV infection is a critical safety advantage of the live vaccine strategy and the mucosal route of vaccination would directly stimulate local immunity, prime CD8+ T cells, which are important in virus clearance, and overcome the immunosuppressive effects of maternally-derived antibodies. Recent advances in the molecular biology of negative-sense RNA viruses have provided a means to manipulate the genome of BRSV and opened the way for producing genetically stable, attenuated BRSV vaccine candidates. The main focus of current research is to analyse of the molecular determinants of virulence of BRSV in order to identify suitable attenuated virus vaccine candidates; to characterise BRSV-specific CD8+ T cells in order to determine if qualitative or quantitative differences in their priming influences the outcome of infection; to investigate ways in which the immune response to RSV can be manipulated in order to induce protective immunity whilst avoiding potentially damaging immune responses; to identify immune inductor and effector sites in the upper airways of cattle; and to analyse the influence of the site of antigen expression on induction of mucosal immunity.

A second area of the group’s research is the development of a safe and effective African swine fever (ASF) vaccine. ASF is a highly contagious fatal acute haemorrhagic viral disease of pigs which causes major economic losses. ASFV is currently endemic in many sub-Saharan African countries and in Madagascar and Sardinia. There is no vaccine available and disease control relies on implementing movement restrictions and slaughter policies which are difficult to achieve in countries lacking a good infrastructure. To date, the use of empirical methods have failed to produce an effective vaccine, partly due to the complexity of the virus, the acute fatal nature of the disease and a poor understanding of the what types of immune response protect against infection. Recent studies have highlighted an important role for CD8+ T cells in immunity induced by a naturally occurring, avirulent isolate of ASFV. Current studies are focusing on characterizing the role of various CD8+ T cell subsets in protection; identifying the ASFV proteins recognized by these cells; and the development of a vaccine that induces strong CD8+ T-cell responses. In addition, we are investigating the nature of the porcine innate immune response to ASFV infection and it’s interaction with the adaptive response, using virulent and mutant ASFV in collaboration with Dr. Linda Dixon, IAH, Pirbright.

Key Publications
Valarcher J-F & Taylor G (2007) Bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Vet. Res. 38:153-180

Valarcher J-F, Furze J, Wyld SG, Cook R, Zimmer G, Herrler G & Taylor G (2006) Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) lacking the virokinin or with a mutation in furin cleavage site RA(R/K)R109 induces less pulmonary inflammation without impeding the induction of protective immunity in calves. J. Gen. Virol. 87:1659-1667

Taylor G, Bruce C, Barbet AF, Wyld SG & Thomas LH (2005) DNA vaccination against respiratory syncytial virus in young calves. Vaccine, 23:1242-1250

Valarcher J-F, Furze J, Wyld S, Cook R, Conzelmann K-K & Taylor G (2003) Role of alpha/beta interferons in the attenuation and immunogenicity of recombinant bovine respiratory syncytial viruses lacking NS proteins. Journal of Virology, 77:8426-8439

Gaddum RM, Cook RS, Furze JM, Ellis SA & Taylor G (2003) Recognition of bovine respiratory syncytial virus proteins by bovine CD8+ T lymphocytes. Immunology: 108:220-229

Bembridge GP, Rodriguez N, Garcia-Beato R, Nicolson C, Melero JA & Taylor G (2001) Respiratory syncytial virus infection of gene gun vaccinated mice induces Th-2 driven

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